Introduction
Introduction:
Appropriate hand tools are checked for proper operation and safety. Unsafe or faulty tools are identified. All tools are marked for repair according to standard company procedures.
Materials:
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1dJNJcgkeXOgh8SAGsBQ4KHHFo08mUQR3DsmgKwHaje8/edit?usp=sharing
What Do You Already Know?
Determine how much you already know about preparing and using hand tools. Take this test.
Task
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to know how to prepare and use hand tools.
Process
Read Information Sheet 2.1 very well. Then find out how much you can remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check.
Information Sheet 2.1
Prepare hand tools
When doing any kind of work, tools are needed to have things done. When fixing furniture, repairing home appliances, or doing simple repair, tools help you make work easy, with less effort but with efficient result. Without the needed tools, much time is consumed and more effort is required to accomplish your task. In order for you to accomplish a task efficiently, you must possess basic knowledge on how to identify and select tools that are usable, of good quality and free from faults. The task required calls for the right kind of tools to prepare. Simple jobs usually need simple tools to use. Heavy jobs need the use of heavy tools. Through constant practice, and simple observation, you become skillful in selecting the right tool for the job. In automotive application, it is important that the needed tools are not defective and must be perfect for the job to finish on time. The use of faulty tools might result in injury and damage to you and the parts you are working on. Preparing hand tools to use is easy but requires a lot of practice. Depending on the level of work to be done, whether it is basic level which involves inspection and checking, cleaning and simple fixing of parts; the common level for replacing of basic parts such as air cleaner, fuel filter, hoses; and the core level when performing major tasks such as tune-up, overhauling and under chassis work. The extent of work will give you information to identify and select the size, shape and type of tools needed to accomplish the task. The following tools for the specific task have corresponding name of specific tools in performing the task.
| TOOLS FOR A SPECIFIC PROCEDURE/TASK | NAME OF SPECIFIC TOOLS |
| Cleaning tools | Brushes ( fiber and wire), Scraper, Wiping cloth |
| Cutting Tools | Chisel, File, Hacksaw, Electric drills, Hole saw, Machinist pliers, Side cutting pliers, Tin snip |
| Driving tools | Hammers - Ball peen, Brass/Plastic, Starting and Drift punch |
| Bending /Holding/ Twisting/ Crimping Tools/Gadget | Pliers – Combination, Crimping and Splicer, Cutting, Long nose, Vise-grip, Bench vise |
| Loosening and tightening tools | Wrenches - Allen, Box, Combination, Open, Socket, Spark plug, Torque wrench Screwdrivers – Allen, Flat, Offset, Phillips, Stubby, |
| Marking tools | Center punch, Scriber |
| Measuring tools | Caliper, Metal tape measure, Steel rule, Torque |
Operation of hand tools
To gain more knowledge about the tools, you must know its basic functions so that you will be able to identify its use.
I. CLEANING TOOLS
- Scraper is a flat thin sheet of metal with wooden or plastic handle. It is used to scrape hard to remove dirt or stubborn grime or plastic sticker.
- Steel/Wire brush are thin strips of metal inserted in a wooden or plastic stock. It is used to remove rust, hard to remove dirt and grime with sweeping action.
- Utility rag is a fibrous cloth used in cleaning and wiping dirt and dust.
II. BENDING/HOLDING/TWISTING/CRIMPING TOOLS
1. Pliers are generally used as all-around tools. They have the capability for bending, crimping, cutting, holding, stripping and twisting. They are available in various shapes and sizes. Generally, pliers used for electrical job are insulated, whereas those for mechanical work are not insulated but sometimes equipped with rubber for gripping. Pliers are not used as substitute for wrenches.
Side cutting pliers are tools having a broad, flat, and rough jaw. They have a pair of nipper-like blades used for cutting and bending wires. Combination pliers are equipped with adjustable opening by means of a slip joint. It is used for gripping object because of its inner notch and also used for cutting and bending small wires. Long-nose pliers have a needle-nose ends used for holding or picking small object. They have a razor-like blade on its jaw for stripping, cutting and bending wires. Stripping and crimping pliers have two-half round edges used to strip electrical wire and a crimping nose to fold and lock wire connector. Vise grip or locking jaw pliers are specially designed pliers used for holding work pieces together. They have a variety of uses such as inserting a fastener, holding bolts while tightening or loosening the nut and removing rounded head bolts and nuts. Machinist pliers have adjustable and cutting jaws with tooth-edged nose used for holding, bending and cutting wires.
2. Bench vise is a device for holding and bending pieces of metal. It consists of one fixed and one movable jaw operated by a clamping action of the screw.
III. CUTTING TOOLS
1. Chisel is a hand tool essentially used for cutting bolts, nuts and rivets. It comes in different types and sizes. A flat cold chisel is used for general cutting. Special chisels like a diamond point are used for cutting sharp-bottomed groove and a round-end chisel for cutting oil grooves.
2. Electric Drill is a tool for boring holes. It is made of either carbon steel which requires frequent sharpening or high speed steel which requires less sharpening. Electric drill is designed for slow and high speed drilling. It can be hand operated for slow drilling or electrically operated portable or heavy duty machine for high speed drilling with replaceable drill attachment at the end. Drills come in various diameter sizes. Electric drill can also be used as a portable grinding machine by attaching a handy grinder on its end.
3. File is a hard steel tool used for smoothening metal. It comes in various shapes such as flat, round, half-round, and triangular. It also comes in different fine-to-coarse cutting edges. A single-cut file has a single series of cutting edges parallel to each other whereas a double-cut file has two sets of cutting edges that cross at an angle.
4. Hacksaw is an excellent tool for cutting bolts, tubing and light to fairly thick metal. It has a light frame handle with blade connected to both ends of the frame. Depending on the type of work to be cut, a hacksaw blade tooth per inch (TPI) determines the extent of metal to be cut. It comes in 14, 18, 24, 32 teeth per inch. The lower the number, the lesser the number of TPI and the greater its cutting ability. A special hacksaw such as hole saw is used when boring thin and large diameter sheet of metal. It is electrically operated by an electric drill
5. Tin Snip is a scissor- shaped tool used for cutting thin sheets of metal.
IV. DRIVING TOOLS
1. Hammers are generally used for driving or striking work. It comes in various sizes, weights, and kinds .Ball peen hammer is basically used by machinists as in automotive applications. It has a weighty ball-shaped metal at the end of the handle with flat surface on one side for striking a chisel or appropriate work and a rounded shaped for riveting or penning. The brass or plastic-tipped hammers are used for striking soft and delicate part such as aluminum or plastic to avoid danger of breaking or marring the surface.
2. Puncher is a tool made of steel. It is used to cut or drive outa bolt or lock needle pin out of a hole. Starting punch is a punch with tapered portion used for initially starting a pin or rivet removal. After initially starting the pin, the drift punch or pin punch is used to complete the job of removing the pin. A hole punch is used in cutting a paper gasket in making holes.
V. LOOSENING AND TIGHTENING TOOLS
1. Wrenches are tools for loosening and tightening of bolts and nuts. It comes in different forms and number in Metric or in English sizes.
1.1 Allen wrench is used in a type of screw bolt with a hexagonal hole on the head.
1.2 Box end wrench is an enclosed end tool used for moderate application for loosening and tightening bolts and nuts.
1.3 Combination wrench is a tool with an open-end on one side and box-end on the opposite side. It has the same size on both ends and used in loosening and tightening bolts and nuts.
1.4 Oil filter wrench is a circular-shaped steel with internal tooth and handle. It is inserted to the oil filter body, tightened as it is turned for removal.
1.5 Open end wrench is a tool with open end used for light application in loosening and tightening bolts and nuts.
1.6 Socket wrench is a tubular-like tool with an enclosed end used for heavy application for loosening and tightening bolts and nuts.
1.7 Spark plug wrench is a socket-like wrench intended for removing and installing spark plugs.
1.8 Tire wrench is a cross-like or sometimes L-shaped piece of round bar used to remove the wheels of the vehicle.
2. Screwdriver is a piece of long metal rod made of hardened steel and tempered at the tip. It is used to loosen and tighten screws. It usually comes in different sizes and forms of tips. An Allen screwdriver has hexagonal sides at the tip and used for hexagonal slot head of the screws. A flat screw driver has flat tip at the end and used in a single groove screws. A Philips screw driver has cross-like tip at the end and used in a cross groove head of the screws. Depending on the kind of application used, a screwdriver can be of special types such as stubby screwdriver that has a short shank and handle. It is used for tight space where a typical screwdriver cannot be used. An offset screwdriver has a shank bent in opposite direction several distance just before the end of the tip. It is used to loosen and tightened screws in difficult areas
VI. MARKING TOOLS
1. Center punch is a tool made of hardened steel with conical tip point on its end. It is about 3 to 4 in. long in length and used for marking the material before drilling. It is also used for marking two parts so that after removing, it can be easily replaced by aligning the marks together.
2. Scriber is a thin steel rod with pointed tip on its end. It is used for marking fine lines on metal for layout work.
3. Pencil is a thin strip of graphite enclosed in a wooden case and used for making drawings and marking lines.
VII. MEASURING TOOLS
1. Torque wrench is a special service tool for measuring the twisting force applied when tightening bolts and nuts.
2. Steel rule is a measuring strip of steel available in various lengths in metric and English system. It is available in 12, 24, 36 and 48 inches size. It is used in linear measurement of short length or height.
3. Caliper is a tool used in measuring the diameter of a circular work. The Inside caliper is used in measuring the inside diameter whereas the outside caliper is used in measuring the outside diameter of an object. The caliper is adjustable. The Vernier caliper is a good example that is capable to measure both the inside and outside diameter of an object with accuracy. It can also measure the thickness and thinness in thousandths of an inch.
4. Metal tape measure is a push and pull, long strip of thin sheet of metal with corresponding increments in millimeter and inches graduation. It is used for measuring stock and can be bought in different sizes of length.
5. Feeler gauge is a thin strip of metal with different thickness used to measure or set gap and clearance between parts of mechanism.
Common faults of hand tools
A hand tool is the best friend of every serviceman. With it, work becomes easy and efficient. But, if tools are not given careful attention they will easily give up without maximizing its usefulness. If this condition continues, it will result in a faulty condition. This faulty condition results from ineffective use which eventually might create the risk of danger and accident.
Common faults of hand tools are usually blamed on manufacturer’s defect. However, it doesn`t mean that whenever hand tools become faulty or defective, the manufacturer always carries the responsibility.
Metal fatigue is one of the usual causes of faulty hand tools specially those that are made from steel. Like human body that sometimes needs rest, metal fatigue is developed from overuse of tools. It can also result from too much imposition of force on tools which is less than its capacity to endure. It will render the tools unserviceable.
Because of wrong habits or attitudes, human error also contributes to faulty hand tools. Wrong use of tools for the job will create bad effect on the tools. A screwdriver which is intended for loosening and tightening screws becomes defective and reduces its usefulness when used like cold chisel.
Natural tear and wear causes tools to widen or reduce its size. A slack is noticeable when a box wrench for removing the bolt becomes loose when the internal sides of the wrench is bigger than the external sides of the bolt`s head. If used in this condition, both the bolt and the wrench will develop fault.
Tools not kept, not maintained, and unused will become rusty. Tools with jaws become difficult to operate. It will take time cleaning and removing the corrosion before it becomes functional. To become more aware of the condition of hand tools, it is good to know some of its specific faults.
https://youtu.be/KReyNuMgCok
Safety requirements of hand tools
Hand tools come in different sizes, shapes, weights, brands, and designs. These characteristics of hand tools are very important because they give us technical data about their production. These technical data will enable us to know the capacity of tools if subjected to the degree of use. The standard requirements of tools for use and safety are very important on the part of the buyer as well as the user. Without them, they have no bearing at all if not assured with safety features. Tools are engineered and designed to numerous sequence of events when used within the normal working range. To use a tool appropriately, know its safety requirements, to be guided accordingly when you purchase one.
Tools produced in the industry must pass the Work Equipment Law. In this law, procedures on the extent, fitness, correctness, and usability of tools and equipment are provided in accordance with specified task. This ensures safety standards before tools are released in the market.
1. Technical data. This will give information about the manufacturers specifications of the tools produced. The size, weight, production code number, and the brand are usually marked on the body of the item.
2. User’s manual. It tells where, when and how the tools are to be used. It also gives information on the limitation of tools if subjected to constant use. In this manual, users are given warning on the possible injury one may get if used incorrectly. It also gives detailed information on how tools are maintained and stored. If tools need to be assembled, the manual gives a step-by-step instructions on how to do the task.
3. Physical requirements. Physical requirements of tools have bearing on how they are manufactured. Their good quality must be:
a. Tensile strength. Tools must be light but durable so that excessive force in using them is not necessary. In this manner, strain on hands and shoulders are reduced. A tool must be strong and reliable to stand the stress of constant use. Tooth edge of hacksaw and chisel must be tempered and so with a screw driver.
b. Powerful. Tools must not be heavy on the hand side rather than on the end portion of the driving force, as in a hammer. They must be considerably long to give a powerful twisting force as in a wrench and screw or a heavy blow when using hammer. This reduces muscular effort and efficiency of work is achieved.
c. User- friendly. Tools must be easy and comfortable to use. They must be hand-fit and oval or cylindrically shaped. A square-shaped handle creates discomfort on palms because of the edge area. ]
d. Safe Tools must have gripping surface on their handles to assure holding power and avoid slip that may lead to injury. Stopper must also be on pointed and sharp-bladed/edged tools. Driving tools must be provided with appropriate length of grip.
e. Functionally Accurate. Tools are especially made to measure like torque wrench. Vernier caliper and feeler gauge must be technically and functionally accurate. They must give correct reading of division and sub-division of their fractional value or scale. Inaccurate reading gives wrong data or information and may result in severe damage to parts.
Evaluation
How Much Have You Learned?
Self-check 2.1
Direction: Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of the best answer.
| Column A | Column B |
| 1. Hacksaw 2. Ball peen hammer 3. Long nose pliers 4. Metal tape measure 5. Open wrench 6. Drift punch 7. Scriber 8. Feeler gauge 9. Steel rule 10. Screw drivers |
a. used in marking lines in sheet metal b. used in linear measurement of short length or height c. generally used for driving or striking work. d. used to complete the job of removing the pin e. used for holding or picking small object f. used for cutting pipes, tubing and fairly thick metal g. used for light application of loosening and tightening bolts and nuts h. used to measure or set gap and clearance between parts of mechanism i. used to loosen and tighten screws j. used for measuring stock of different sizes of length |
Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?
How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?
Show that you have learned something by doing this activity.
https://docs.google.com/document/d/12OpHIQEccCjvBF0FW9j7eI44EM-jmrG0ejYKtfWdUwg/edit?usp=sharing
Credits
Reference:
Common faults of hand tools.
Marisol Jane Beray (July 11 2020). Common Faults Using Hand Tools.https://youtu.be/KReyNuMgCok
The ElectroMotive Seaman. (February 12, 2021). 20 Basic Hand Tools Familiarization | Marine engineering Basic Tutorials. https://youtu.be/lKH3nFnNEDY