Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell

Introduction

                                                                  What is cell?

Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. The human body is composed of trillions of cells. They provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out specialized functions. Cells also contain the body’s hereditary material and can make copies of themselves.

Im going to talk about ultrastructure of escherichia coli, ultrastructure of eukaryotic liver cell (Also what they are), functions of these structures and organells, similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (Also animal and plant cells.)

Task

                                                    What you should do first?

Before you read you should watch videos about Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. You can also make some research about them and animal and plant cells. Then look at my 'Evalution' part!!!

Process

                                               Guide to draw cells:

  • Use a sharp pencil with hard lead to draw sinhle sharp lines.
  • Join up lines carefully to form continuous structures such as cells.
  • Draw linles freehand, but use a ruler for labelling lines.
Evaluation

                                                              Prokaryotic cells:

A prokaryote is a single-celled organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus (karyon), mitochondria, or any other membrane-boundorganelles.

There are two major kinds of prokaryotes:

  • Bacteria
  • Archaea (single-celled organisms) 

There are four main structures shared by all prokaryotic cells, bacterial or Archaean:

  1. The plasma membrane
     
  2. Cytoplasm
     
  3. Ribosomes
     
  4. Genetic material (DNA and RNA) 

Note: Some prokaryotic cells also have other structures like the cell wall, pili (singular pillus), and flagella (singular flagellum). Each of these structures and cellular components plays a critical role in the growth, survival, and reproduction of prokaryotic cells.

Capsule: Found in some bacterial cells, this additional outer covering protects the cell when it is engulfed by other organisms, assists in retaining moisture, and helps the cell adhere to surfaces and nutrients.

Cell Wall: Outer covering of most cells that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape.

Cytoplasm: A gel-like substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts, cell components, and various organic molecules.

Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane: Surrounds the cell's cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell.

Pili: Hair-like structures on the surface of the cell that attach to other bacterial cells. Shorter pili called fimbriae help bacteria attach to surfaces.

Flagella: Long, whip-like protrusion that aids in cellular locomotion.

Ribosomes: Cell structures responsible for protein production.

Plasmids: Gene carrying, circular DNA structures that are not involved in reproduction.

Nucleiod Region: Area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecule.

Escherichia coli: (Prokaryotic)

Its commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoningin their hosts, and are occasionally responsible for product recalls due to food contamination.

                                                                    How to draw?

Ultrastructure of escherichia coli:

Note: You should use a ruler when you draw a line.

                                                             Eukaryotic Cells:

A eukaryote is any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other structures (organelles) enclosed within membranes

Ultrastructure of eukaryotic liver cell: (Eukaryotic)

Cell Membrane:  Semi-permeable barrier that controls the entry and exit of substances

Cytosol:  The fluid portion of the cytoplasm (does not include the organelles or other insoluble materials)

Nucleus:  Contains hereditary material (DNA) and thus controls cell activities (via transcription) and mitosis (via DNA replication)

Nucleolus:  Site of the production and assembly of ribosome components

Ribosome:  Complexes of RNA and protein that are responsible for polypeptide synthesis (eukaryotic ribosomes are larger than prokaryotes - 80S)

Mitochondria:  Site of aerobic respiration, which produces large quantities of chemical energy (ATP) from organic compounds

Golgi Apparatus:  An assembly of vesicles and folded membranes involved in the sorting, storing and modification of secretory products

Lysosome:  Site of hydrolysis / digestion / breakdown of macromolecules

Peroxisome:  Catalyses breakdwon of toxic substances like hydrogen peroxide and other metabolites

Centrioles:  Microtubule-organising centres involved in cell division (mitosis / meiosis and cytokinesis)

Endoplasmic Reticulum:  A system of membranes involved in the transport of materials between organelles

Rough ER:  Studded with ribosomes and involved in the synthesis and transport of proteins destined for secretion

Smooth ER:  Involved in the synthesis and transport of lipids and steroids, as well as metabolism of carbohydrates

Some differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes:

Some similarities between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes:

They have a cell membrane

They contain ribosomes

They have DNA and cytoplasm

Some differences between Animal and Plant cell:

Some similarities between Plant and Animal cell:

They have Plasma Membrane 
They have Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 
They have Golgi Body 
They have Mitochondrion 
They have Necleus 

Conclusion

You learned about:

Prokaryotic cells

Kinds of prokaryotes

How to draw

Functions

Eukaryotic cells

Escherichia coli

Eukaryotic liver cell

Differences and similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Differences and similarities bewteen animal and plant cells

Credits