Life Sciences Grade.10 Topic.2: BIOLOGY OF THE CELL

Introduction:

In this quest, you will learn the different structures of a cell and its function. We will know the difference between plant cells and animal cells. 

https://vimeo.com/743383281

 

Learners should be able to draw a cell, and its structure and know the functions of each part. 

 

Watch a YouTube video based on the Cell Structure. Click on the link below:

https://youtu.be/URUJD5NEXC8

 

REVISION EXERCISE                          TOPIC 2 BIOLOGY OF THE CELL                            CELL STRUCTURE     

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1.  Choose the most suitable answer for each one of the questions below:

1.1.  The ________ is the basic unit of life.

1. organism
2. cell
3. tissue
4. organ

1.2.  Prokaryotes depend on ________ to obtain some materials and to get rid of wastes.

1. ribosomes
2. flagella
3. cell division
4. diffusion

1.3. Bacteria that lack fimbriae are less likely to ________.

1. adhere to cell surfaces
2. swim through bodily fluids
3. synthesize proteins
4. retain the ability to divide

1.4.  Which of the following organisms is a prokaryote?

1. amoeba
2. influenza A virus
3. charophyte algae
4. E. coli

1.5. Which of the following is surrounded by two phospholipid bilayers?

1. the ribosomes
2. the vesicles
3. the cytoplasm
4. the nucleoplasm

1.6.  Peroxisomes got their name because hydrogen peroxide is:

1. used in their detoxification reactions
2. produced during their oxidation reactions
3. incorporated into their membranes
4. a cofactor for the organelles’ enzymes

1.7.  In plant cells, the function of the lysosomes is carried out by __________.

1. vacuoles
2. peroxisomes
3. ribosomes
4. nuclei

 

1.8. Which of the following is both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

1. nucleus
2. mitochondrion
3. vacuole
4. ribosomes

1.9.  Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system?

1. mitochondrion
2. Golgi apparatus
3. endoplasmic reticulum
4. lysosome

1.10. The process by which a cell engulfs a foreign particle is known as:

1. endosymbiosis
2. phagocytosis
3. hydrolysis
4. membrane synthesis

1.11.  Which of the following is most likely to have the greatest concentration of smooth

          endoplasmic reticulum?

1. a cell that secretes enzymes
2. a cell that destroys pathogens
3. a cell that makes steroid hormones
4. a cell that engages in photosynthesis

1.12. Which of the following sequences correctly lists in order the steps involved in the

         incorporation of a protein molecule within a cell?

1. protein synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the Golgi apparatus; packaging in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the vesicle
2. synthesis of the protein on the lysosome; tagging in the Golgi; packaging in the vesicle; distribution in the endoplasmic reticulum
3. synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the Golgi; distribution via the vesicle
4. synthesis of the protein on the lysosome; packaging in the vesicle; distribution via the Golgi; tagging in the endoplasmic reticulum

1.13. Which of the following have the ability to disassemble and reform quickly?

1. microfilaments and intermediate filaments
2. microfilaments and microtubules
3. intermediate filaments and microtubules
4. only intermediate filaments

1.14. Which of the following do not play a role in intracellular movement?

1. microfilaments and intermediate filaments
2. microfilaments and microtubules
3. intermediate filaments and microtubules
4. only intermediate filaments

 

1.15. In humans, _____ are used to move a cell within its environment while _____ are used    

         to move the environment relative to the cell.

1. cilia, pseudopodia
2. flagella; cilia
3. microtubules; flagella
4. microfilaments; microtubules

 

2.   What are the structural and functional similarities and differences between mitochondria       

      and chloroplasts?

 

3. What are the similarities and differences between the structures of centrioles and flagella?

 

4. How do cilia and flagella differ?

 

5.  Draw a fully labelled diagram that represents the 9+2 pattern/arrangement in a eukaryotic

     cell.

 

6.  Study the diagram below and then answer the questions that follow:

 

6.1   Which of these organelles form part of the endomembrane system? (letters only)

6.2   Identify B.

6.3   Name TWO structural differences between C and G.

6.4   What is the main function of D?

6.5   Identify F and name its function.

6.6   Explain in detail the process that molecules undergo from F to I.

6.7   Identify organelle J. What would happen if the membrane breaks/ruptures and the 

        contents are released into the cell?

      

 

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This is how your work will be evaluated.

	Beginning 1	Developing 2	Qualified 3	Exemplary 4	Score
Stated Objective or Performance	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting a beginning level of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting development and movement toward mastery of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting mastery of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting the highest level of performance.
Stated Objective or Performance	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting a beginning level of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting development and movement toward mastery of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting mastery of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting the highest level of performance.
Stated Objective or Performance	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting a beginning level of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting development and movement toward mastery of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting mastery of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting the highest level of performance.
Stated Objective or Performance	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting a beginning level of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting development and movement toward mastery of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting mastery of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting the highest level of performance.
Stated Objective or Performance	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting a beginning level of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting development and movement toward mastery of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting mastery of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting the highest level of performance.
Stated Objective or Performance	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting a beginning level of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting development and movement toward mastery of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting mastery of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting the highest level of performance.
Stated Objective or Performance	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting a beginning level of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting development and movement toward mastery of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting mastery of performance.	Description of identifiable performance characteristics reflecting the highest level of performance.

 

 

 

 

They are understanding what makes up cells and how cells work is fundamental to all of the biological sciences. Appreciating the similarities and differences between the cell types is particularly important to cell and molecular biology fields. These fundamental similarities and differences provide a unifying theme, allowing the principles learned from studying one cell type to be extrapolated and generalized to other cell types.

Perhaps the most fundamental property of all living things is their ability to reproduce. All cells arise from pre-existing cells, that is, their genetic material must be replicated and passed from parent cells to progeny. Likewise, all multicellular organisms inherit their genetic information specifying structure and function from their parents.

REVISION EXERCISE         TOPIC 2 BIOLOGY OF THE CELL                                  CELL STRUCTURE

 MARKING GUIDE/ANSWERS

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1.

1.1. b

1.2. d

1.3. a

1.4. d

1.5. c or d

1.6. a

1.7. b

1.8. d

1.9. a

1.10. b

1.11. c

1.12. c

1.13. b

1.14. d

1.15. a

 

2.

 SIMILARITIES BETWEEN MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS

 Both are surrounded by a double membrane

 Both contain their own DNA

 Both have the apparatus for protein synthesis

 Both are involved in energy metabolism

 Both have evolved from prokaryotes – according to the endosymbiont theory

 

 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS

MITOCHONDRIA CHLOROPLASTS

smaller than chloroplasts bigger than mitochondria

sausage shaped oval shaped

no pigment - colourless possess photosynthetic pigment

chlorophyll – gives green colour

folded inner membrane - cristae smooth inner membrane

site of cellular respiration –

catabolic process – uses oxygen to

break down glucose into ATP and

carbon dioxide

site of photosynthesis – anabolic

process – produces glucose and

oxygen from sunlight, water and

carbon dioxide

 

3. STRUCTURAL SIMILARITY BETWEEN CENTRIOLES AND FLAGELLA:

 both made up of microtubules

 

 STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CENTRIOLES AND FLAGELLA:

 in centrioles the microtubules are arranged in triplets

 in flagella the microtubules are arranged in pairs

 

4. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CILIA AND FLAGELLA

 cilia are much shorter than flagella

 cilia move in coordinated waves like oars

 flagella move like a propeller or cork screw

 

5. DIAGRAM THAT REPRESENTS THE 9+2 PATTERN/ARRANGEMENT OF A

 FLAGELLUM IN A EUKARYOTIC CELL

 

6.

6.1 C,D,G,J

6.2 B – nuclear pore

6.3 C – rough appearance; G – smooth appearance

 C - many ribosomes present; G – few or no ribosomes present

 C - consists of flat, folded sacs; G – consists of tubules

6.4

 Involved in the synthesis of many polysaccharides

 Modifies proteins and lipids

 Receives vesicles from ER on cis (or inner face)

 Packages them in vesicles

 Prepares for “shipment” in vesicles from trans/outer face

 to be transported within cell

 or to be exported from cell (secretion, exocytosis)

6.5 F: ribosome – site of protein synthesis

6.6

 in F, the ribosome proteins are synthesized/produced

 these proteins are modified in C, the rough ER

 the smooth ER (G) forms transport vesicles (H)

 the proteins are then transported by means of vesicles (H) to the cis face of the Golgi

apparatus (D)

 where they are further modified

 and then prepared and packaged into vesicles for shipment

 vesicle (I) with modified and packaged proteins leave the Golgi apparatus from the

trans face

6.7 J - lysosome.

 The cell contents would be destroyed by the hydrolytic enzymes.