Introduction
HISTORY
The gymnastic system was mentioned in works by ancient authors, such as Homer, Aristotle and Plato. It included many disciplines, which would later become separate sports: swimming, race, wrestling, boxing, riding, etc.[1] and was also used for military training. In its present form gymnastics evolved in Germany and Bohemia in the beginning of the 19th century, and the term "artistic gymnastics" was introduced at the same time to distinguish free styles from the ones used by the military.[2] A German educator Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, who was known as the father of gymnastics,[3] invented several apparatus, including the horizontal bar and parallel bars which are used to this day. Two of the first gymnastics clubs were Turnvereins and Sokols.
In 1881 the International Gymnastics Federation was founded and remains the governing body of international gymnastics since then. It included only three countries and was called European Gymnastics Federation until 1921, when the first non-European countries joined the federation, and it was reorganized into its present form. Gymnastics was included into the program of the 1896 Summer Olympics, but women were allowed to participate in the Olympics only since 1928. World Championships, held since 1903 also remained for men only until 1934. Since that time two branches of artistic gymnastics have been developing—WAG and MAG—which, unlike men's and women's branches of many other sports, are much different in apparatus used at the major competitions, in techniques and concerns.
Women's artistic gymnastics (WAG)
Women's gymnastics entered the Olympics as a team event in 1928. At the twelfth (12th) gymnastics World Championships in
1950, WAG (as it is known today) was included. WAG introduced team competition, all-around and apparatus final events. Individual women were recognized in the all-around as early as the tenth (10th) World Championships in 1934. Two years after the full women's program (all-around and all four event finals) was introduced into the 1950 World Championships, it was introduced into the 1952 Helsinki Games, and this format has remained as such to this day.
The earliest champions in women's gymnastics tended to be in their 20s; most had studied ballet for years before entering the sport. Larisa Latynina, the first great Soviet gymnast, won her first Olympic all-around medal at the age of 22 and her second at 26; she became the 1958 World Champion while pregnant with her daughter. Czech gymnast Věra Čáslavská, who followed Latynina to become a two-time Olympic all around champion, was 22 before she started winning gold medals.
Home > Sports > Gymnastics Artistic > Equipment and HistoryShare Artistic Gymnastics Equipment and History
EQUIPMENTS
STILL RINGTwo parallel rings 50cm apart, suspended from a cable and straps and held, one in each hand, for a series of exercises in men's artistic gymnastics particularly requiring stillness of the body; also called the "rings".
UNEVENBARS
An apparatus in women's artistic gymnastics with a top bar 2.4m above the floor and a lower bar 1.6m high, used for a continuous series of grip changes, releases, new grasps and other complex moves.
HIGHBARSA bar standing 2.75 metres high, used in men's artistic gymnastics; also called the "horizontal bar".Parallel bars (Artistic)
An apparatus consisting of two wooden rails on uprights, adjustable in height and used for swinging, vaulting and balancing exercises in men's artistic gymnastics.
Pommel horse
A solid apparatus 115 centimetres high with two handles, or pommels, on top that men in artistic gymnastics use for a series of manoeuvres defined by complex hand placements and body positions while holding themselves above the apparatus.
Plane
An imaginary surface where moves are performed, i.e. lateral, frontal, horizontal or diagonal.
Diagonal plane
An imaginary surface at less than a 90-degree angle to the floor, where moves are performed.
Horizontal plane
An imaginary surface, level with the ground, where moves are performed.
Lateral plane
An imaginary surface to the side of, and parallel to, the body, where moves are performed.
Safety platform
A large, thick mat that sits on the floor at each end of the trampoline to cushion the impact if anyone falls from the apparatus.
Vault
A solid apparatus similar to the pommel horse, but lacking handles, and used in men's and women's artistic gymnastics for a variety of handsprings from a running approach.
Beatboard
The springboard used in the men's and women's vault.
Process
SOME NAMES OF FAMOUS
Gymnast | Dates | FIG listing |
---|---|---|
Georgia Bonora | 19 May 1990 | Georgia Bonora |
Ashleigh Brennan | 18 January 1991 | Ashleigh Brennan |
Daria Joura | 2 May 1990 | Daria Joura |
Emily Little | 29 March 1994 | Emily Little |
Lauren Mitchell | 23 July 1991 | Lauren Mitchell |
Monette Russo | 4 August 1988 | Monette Russo |
Lisa Skinner | 17 February 1981 | Lisa Skinner |
Allana Slater | 3 April 1984 | Allana Slater |
Azerbaijan | ||
---|---|---|
Gymnast | Dates | FIG listing |
Yulia Inshina | 15 April 1995 | Yulia Inshina |
Anna Pavlova | 6 September 1987 | Anna Pavlova |
Belarus | ||
---|---|---|
Gymnast | Dates | FIG listing |
Svetlana Boguinskaya[note 1] | 19 February 1973 | Svetlana Boguinskaya |
Nellie Kim[note 2] | 29 July 1957 | Nellie Kim |
Olga Korbut | 16 May 1955 | Olga Korbut |
Brazil | ||
---|---|---|
Gymnast | Dates | FIG listing |
Jade Barbosa | 1 July 1991 | Jade Barbosa |
Daniele Hypólito | 8 September 1984 | Daniele Hypólito |
Daiane dos Santos | 10 February 1983 | Daiane dos Santos |
Canada | ||
---|---|---|
Gymnast | Dates | FIG listing |
Ellie Black | 9 August 1995 | Ellie Black |
Elyse Hopfner-Hibbs | 12 September 1989 | Elyse Hopfner-Hibbs |
Victoria Moors | 5 November 1996 | Victoria Moors |
Kate Richardson | 27 June 1984 | Kate Richardson |
Elfi Schlegel | 17 May 1964 | Elfi Schlegel |
Czechoslovakia | ||
---|---|---|
Gymnast | Dates | FIG listing |
Eva Bosáková | 12 December 1912[note 3] 18 December 1931[note 4] |
Eva Bosáková |
Věra Čáslavská | 3 May 1942 | Věra Čáslavská |
Vlasta Děkanová | 5 September 1909 | [citation needed] |
Jana Komrsková | 6 May 1983 | Jana Komrsková |
China | ||
---|---|---|
Gymnast | Dates | FIG listing |
Cheng Fei | 29 May 1988 | Cheng Fei |
Deng Linlin | 21 April 1992 | Deng Linlin |
Fan Ye | 22 October 1986 | Fan Ye |
He Kexin | 1 January 1992 | He Kexin |
He Ning | 13 November 1990 | He Ning |
Kui Yuanyuan | 23 June 1981 | Kui Yuanyuan |
Li Li | 26 February 1975 | Li Li |
Li Shanshan | 31 August 1996 | Li Shanshan |
Li Ya | 13 June 1988 | Li Ya |
Liu Xuan | 12 March 1979 | Liu Xuan |
Lu Li | 1976[citation needed] | Lu Li |
Jiang Yuyuan | 1 November 1991 | Jiang Yuyuan |
Ma Yanhong | 1964[citation needed] | Ma Yanhong |
Mo Huilan | 11 July 1979 | Mo Huilan |
Sang Lan | 1981[citation needed] | [citation needed] |
Sui Lu | 1 April 1992 | Sui Lu |
Xiao Sha | 15 June 1992 | Xiao Sha |
Yang Yilin | 26 August 1991 | Yang Yilin |
Yao Jinnan | 8 February 1995 | Yao Jinnan |
Zhang Nan | 30 April 1986 | Zhang Nan |
Zhou Zhuoru | 14 September 1988 | Zhou Zhuoru |
Dominican Republic | ||
---|---|---|
Gymnast | Dates | FIG listing |
Yamilet Peña | 14 December 1992 | Yamilet Peña |
France | ||
---|---|---|
Gymnast | Dates | FIG listing |
Ludivine Furnon | 4 October 1980 | Ludivine Furnon |
Émilie Le Pennec | 31 December 1987 | Émilie Lepennec |
Elvire Teza | 23 March 1981 | Elvire Teza |
Germany | ||
---|---|---|
Gymnast | Dates | FIG listing |
Daria Bijak | 12 November 1985 | Daria Bijak |
Anja Brinker | 18 January 1991 | Anja Brinker |
Karin Büttner-Janz | 17 February 1952 | Karin Büttner-Janz |
Oksana Chusovitina[note 5] | 19 June 1975 | Oksana Chusovitina |
Maxi Gnauck | 10 October 1964 | Maxi Gnauck |
Dagmar Kersten | 28 October 1970 | Dagmar Kersten |
Steffi Kraker | 1960[citation needed] | [citation needed] |
Erika Zuchold | 13 March 1947 | Erika Zuchold |
Guatemala | ||
---|---|---|
Gymnast | Dates | FIG listing |
Ana Sofía Gómez | 24 November 1995 | Ana Sofía Gómez |
Hungary | ||
---|---|---|
Gymnast | Dates | FIG listing |
Ágnes Keleti | 9 June 1921 | Ágnes Keleti |
Margit Korondi | 24 June 1932 | Margit Korondi |
Henrietta Ónodi | 22 May 1974 | Henrietta Ónodi |
Italy | ||
---|---|---|
Gymnast | Dates | FIG listing |
Carlotta Ferlito | 15 February 1995 | Carlotta Ferlito |
Vanessa Ferrari | 10 November 1990 | Vanessa Ferrari |
Mexico | ||
---|---|---|
Gymnast | Dates | FIG listing |
Elsa García | 8 February 1990 | Elsa García |
Denisse López | 18 December 1976 | Denisse López |
Brenda Magaña | 27 July 1977 | Brenda Magaña |
Laura del Carmen Moreno | 16 November 1978 | Laura del Carmen Moreno |
Netherlands | ||
---|---|---|
Gymnast | Dates | FIG listing |
Céline van Gerner | 1 December 1994 | Celine van Gerner |
North Korea | ||
---|---|---|
Gymnast | Dates | FIG listing |
Kim Gwang-Suk | circa 1976/8[citation needed] | Kim Gwang Suk |
Hong Su Jong | 9 March 1986 | Hong Su Jong |
Hong Un Jong | 9 March 1989 | Hong Un Jong |
Poland | ||
---|---|---|
Gymnast | Dates | FIG listing |
Helena Rakoczy | 1921[citation needed] | Helena Rakoczy |
Marta Pihan-Kulesza | 23 July 1987 |
Nadia ComăneciSandra IzbașaAndreea Răducan
Svetlana KhorkinaAliya Mustafina
PERSON