36.00 Webquest: Civil Rights

Task
  • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
    • Picture 

  • W3Schools.com • Four important factS
    • May 17, 1954 Supreme Court rules "separate education facilities are inherently unequal"
    • Overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson from 1896 which stated Public School only had to provide equal education to all races
    • Did not provide method of desegregation
       • Lead Attorney from NAACP, Thurgood Marshall, would later become the first African American Supreme Court Justice.
    • Where - Court decisions was made in Washington DC, and was a combination of 5 other cases; Brown itself, Briggs v. Elliott (filed in South Carolina), Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County (filed in Virginia), Gebhart v. Belton (filed in Delaware), and Bolling v. Sharpe (filed in Washington D.C.).
    • Who was there - Chief Justice Earl Warren, Justice Thurgood Marshall, Oliver Brown, parent of child denied access to schools   
    • What it was about - Some states practiced a "separate but equal" position toward education.  Minorities had a separate school than whites. NAACP sued for integration reasoning the separate but equal provided poorer services and treatment to African Americans.
    • How it ended - Brown only stated it was unconstitutional for schools to be segregated.  It was more of a beginning than end.
    • Link(s):http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_brown.html

    Rosa Parks’ bus ride
    Picture W3Schools.com     Rosa Parks being fingerprinted
    • Four important facts
       • December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks doesn't move to give up her seat and was arrested
       • Rosa Parks was sitting in the "colored" section and the bus driver moved it back two rows because the "white" section was full.
       • Claudette Colvin was arrested for the same thing 9 months prior to Rosa Parks.
       • Rosa Parks arrest started Montgomery Bus boycott
    •   Where -  Montgomery, AL
    • Who was there; Rosa Parks, James F. Blake
    • What it was about - Rosa Parks did not give up her seat when asked by City Bus driver
    • How it ended - Rosa Parks was arrested and fined.
    • Link(s): http://www.ushistory.org/us/54b.asp; http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/rosa-parks-ignites-bus-boycot

    Montgomery bus boycott
    Picture - W3Schools.com
    Empty midday bus during boycott
    • Four important facts
    • Started after Rosa Parks arrest
    • Led by a Martin Luther King, Jr.
    • Black Churches across US, raised funds for carpools.
    • December 5, 1955 - December 20, 1956

    • Where -  Montgomery, AL
    • Who was there - All African Americans in Montgomery, AL
    • What it was about -  Boycotting Montgomery, AL city bused that we segregated.
    • How it ended - After a 381 days, the boycott ended when US Supreme Court ordered the bus system to be integrated.
    • Link(s):
    http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/montgomery-bus-boycott
    https://www.slideshare.net/RCB78/montgomery-bus-boycott-66469877

    Massive resistance of White Citizens councils
    Picture
    • Four important facts
        • Following Brown vs. Board in 1954,  White Citizens Councils formed in Greenwood, Mississippi
    • Unlike KKK, White Citizen Council members did not hide their Identity.
    • Senator Harry F.Byrd and James M. Thomson started the Massive Resistance movement
    • Ended in 1968 when US Supreme Court ruled Massive resistance illegal
    • Where - Mostly in southern states; Mainly in Mississippi, Virginia, n
    • Who was there - Dr. M. Ney Williams, director of Mississippi Citizens council and advisor to Gov. Ross Barnett Senator Tett Lott, Senator Jesse Helms, Congressman Bob Barr, David Duke.
    • What it was about - Use overt non-violent political methods to maintain and fight federally mandated desegregation.
    • How it ended -  Calvin Green, sued County School Board of New Kent County to ore radical desegregation methods
    • Link(s):http://www.ncpedia.org/white-citizens-councils
    http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_whit…
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_resistance#Massive_resistance_end…

    The "Little Rock Nine" students enter a white public school
    Picture W3Schools.com • Four important facts
    • NAACP enrolled 9 Black Students in Little Rock High School • Started May 17, 1954 • Green was first to graduated from School • beginning of desegregation in schools in AR • Where Little Rock High School, Arkansas
    • Who was there Melba Pattillo Beals, Minnijean Brown, Elizabeth Eckford, Ernest Green, Gloria Ray Karlmark,Carlotta Walls LaNier,Thelma Mothershed, Terrence Roberts, Jefferson Thomas
    101 1st Airborne, Arkansas National Guard
    • What it was about - 9 black students enrolled at Little Rock Arkansas High School following Brown Vs Board US supreme Court ruling.
    Governor Orval Faubus denied them entry to the School
    • How it ended; Mayor Woodrow Wilson Mann, asked President Eisenhower to send federal troops to protect the 9 students.  Pres. Eisenhower federalized Arkansas National Guard making them protect the students.  Students attend class but were met with much hate and bullying.
    • Link(s):http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/central-high-school-integra…
    http://time.com/3874341/little-rock-nine-1957-photos/

    Sit-ins begin
    Picture - W3Schools.com • Four important facts
    • Feb 1, 1960, Wollworths Lunch Counter
    • Peaceful non-compliance form of Protests
    • Helped form the Student nonviolent Coordinating Committee
    • Over 1500 students were arrested

    • Where -  Greensboro, NC
    • Who was there - Ezell A. Blair, Jr. (now Jibreel Khazan), Franklin E. McCain, Joseph A. McNeil, and David L. Richmond
    • What it was about - Sit-in, a tactic of nonviolent civil disobedience. The demonstrators enter a business or a public place and remain seated until forcibly evicted or until their grievances are answered.
    • How it ended - ended whenestaurants throughout the South began to abandon their policies of segregation.
    • Link(s):
    http://www.ushistory.org/us/54d.asp
    http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/6-legacy/freedom-struggle-2…

    Freedom Rides
    Picture • Four important facts
    • Tested 1960 Supreme Court Ruling that all interstate bus facility be desegregated
    • Comprise of both white and black passengers
    • 436 individuals participated in at least 60 separate Freedom Rides[
    • lasted several months before federal action ended it
    • Where - started in Washington, DC, and rode through NC, SC, GA, AL, MS
    • Who was there - Zev Aelony
    James Bevel, Malcolm Boyd, Amos C. Brown, Stokely Carmichael, William Sloane Coffin, James Farmer, Bob Filner, James Forman, William E. Harbour, Genevieve Hughes, Bernard Lafayette, James Lawson, John Lewis, Robert Martinson, Salynn McCollum, Diane Nash, Wally Nelson, James Peck, Charles Person, Robert Laughlin Pierson, John Curtis Raines, Cordell Reagon, Winonah Myers, Charles Sherrod, Fred Shuttlesworth, Carol Ruth Silver, Helen Singleton, George Bundy Smith, Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson, Daniel N. Stern, John Charles Taylor, Hank Thomas, Joan Trumpauer Mulholland, C. T. Vivian, Wyatt Tee Walker, James Zwerg

    • What it was about -  A mixed race group of people tested the desegregation of interstate travel
    • How it ended -  By order from Interstate Commerce Commission
    • Link(s):http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/freedomriders/
    http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/freedom-rideshttp://www.smi…

    Birmingham Protests
    Picture W3Schools.com Fireman Hoses protestors • Four important facts
    • May, 1962 Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth convinced Civil Rights leaders to start protesting in Birmingham, AL
    • When George Wallace became governor of AL, Stated "I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever."
    • 900 children were jailed
    • Dr. Martin Luther King penned "Letter from Birmingham Jail"
    • Where -  Birmingham, AL
    • Who was there - Including several thousand protesters, notable people are ACMHR member, Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth, SCLC members, Martin Luther King Jr., James Bevel, Wyatt Tee Walker, Dorothy Cotton, City Commission, President (mayor), Art Hanes, Albert Boutwell, Eugene "Bull" Connor, Commissioner of Public Safety, J.T. Waggoner, Sr., Commissioner of Public Improvements, Chamber of Commerce

    Sydney "Sid" Smyer, president
    • What it was about -  Birmingham was severely segregated and proud of it.  It was the heart of institutionalized and state sponsored racial discrimination.
       Civil Rights leaders wanted to " create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation." M.L.King
    • How it ended -  Federal Government negotiated release of all prisoners and required local business hire on a nondiscriminatory basis on May 10, 1963.
    • Link(s):http://www.amistadresource.org/civil_rights_era/birmingham_desegregatio…
    http://www.pbs.org/black-culture/explore/civil-rights-movement-birmingh…
    http://www.blackpast.org/aah/birmingham-campaign-1963

    March on Washington
    PictureW3Schools.com • Four important facts
    • 28 Aug 1963
    • MLK's I have a Dream Speech
    • Over 200,000 people gathered in DC
    • Believed to help pass Civil Rights act of 1964
    • Where -  Washington, DC
    • Who was there -  MLK, A. Phillip Randolph, Bayard Rustin, John Lewis
    • What it was about - Protest racism and stand up for civil and economic rights for African Americans.
    • How it ended - Ended peacefully and only lasted one day.
    • Link(s):http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_marc…
    http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/march-on-washington

    Voting Rights Act of 1965
    Picture • Four important facts
    • Signed into Law Aug 6, 1965 by L.B.Johnson
    • Banned discriminatory literacy tests
    • Moved forward after March 7, Bloody Sunday, where groups of protesters were physically beaten by state troopers, local sheriffs and "possemen".
    • Provided federal money to oversee voter registration
    • Where -  signed into law , Aug 6, 1965
    • Who was there - L. B. Johnson, MLK, Rosa Parks
    • What it was about - Although the 15 Amendment gave every Male citizen the right to vote, several discriminatory rules and reg were put in place preventing African Americans from voting.  The vote act of 1965 outlawed all these.

    • How it ended -  it has not ended.
    • Link(s):http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/voting-rights-act
    http://www.core-online.org/History/voting_rights.htm